Entablature is a key element in classical architecture, representing the horizontal structure that rests on columns or pilasters. Found in ancient Greek and Roman designs, the entablature is divided into three main parts: the architrave, frieze, and cornice.
Understanding this architectural feature helps illuminate the principles of balance, proportion, and ornamentation that define classical design and its enduring influence on modern architecture.
Understanding the Entablature Structure
The entablature is the uppermost horizontal component of a classical architectural structure, consisting of three distinct elements: the architrave, the frieze, and the cornice. These entablature components were central to the Classical Orders of Architecture. It originated in ancient Greece and were later revived in the 19th century Greek Revival style.
The entablature and columns worked together to create the distinct look and feel of Ancient Roman buildings and temples. This showcases the architectural sophistication of the era. The Temple of Hephaestus demonstrates the perfect integration of entablature and Doric columns in its marble construction, making it one of the most complete surviving examples of classical Greek architecture.
Defining the Architrave
The term “architrave” reflects its importance as the primary beam, ensuring both visual balance and structural integrity in classical architecture. As the lowest part of the entablature, the architrave rests directly on the column capitals. It’s a key element, supporting the frieze and cornice above. The architrave’s design is determined by the Classical Orders of Architecture, with the Ionic architrave being a plain horizontal crossbeam compared to the decorative frieze.
The role of the architrave is to transmit the load from the upper entablature components to the columns below. Its design variations showcase the architectural styles – from the simple, unadorned Doric architrave to the more decorative Ionic and Corinthian versions. These differences in architectural functions reflect the orders’ distinct visual characteristics and structural requirements.
Exploring the Frieze
Positioned above the architrave, the frieze forms the central component of the entablature. This middle band offers an opportunity for sculptural design and decorative motifs. The word “frieze” itself suggests ornamentation and decoration, as it derives from the root meaning “to ornament”.
In Greek Revival architecture, the frieze was often used to display wealth, beauty, or even mottos. Carved with intricate patterns and designs, the frieze could showcase the skill and artistry of the masons. Some friezes featured repeating tooth-like shapes known as dentils, adding depth and texture to the overall composition. In the Doric order, the frieze incorporates a distinctive pattern of triglyphs and metopes that represents the traditional post-and-beam construction methods.
Image : Jeanhousen, 20100410 athina108, CC BY 3.0
Examining the Cornice
Atop the frieze lies the cornice, the uppermost component of the entablature. Its decorative function is to crown the entablature and visually anchor the entire Classical order. The design of the cornice differs based on the column type, reflecting the historical evolution of the orders.
In the Doric order, the cornice is relatively simple, consisting of a series of projecting moldings. The Ionic and Corinthian orders, however, feature more ornate cornices with intricate carvings and decorative elements. These variations in ornamentation demonstrate the practical applications of the cornice in defining the unique characteristics of each Classical order. The development of cornice designs can be traced back to the Classical era architecture around 500 BC, when Greek columns first emerged as fundamental architectural elements.
Origin and Development of Entablatures
Entablatures find their origins in the classical design of ancient Greece and Rome. These prominent architectural features were an integral part of defining the Classical Orders. Beyond just serving an aesthetic purpose, the development of entablatures showcased the technical prowess of ancient Roman designers who employed advanced construction techniques like arches and concrete.
The design and ornamentation of the entablature were pivotal in conveying the grandeur and stability of classical architecture. Some key facts about the origin and development of entablatures include:
- Entablatures emerged as a defining element of Greek and Roman classical architecture.
- They were widely used during the Greek Revival and Classical Revival movements of the 19th century.
- Iconic American buildings like the White House and U.S. Capitol feature prominent entablatures.
- The sophistication of entablatures highlighted the architectural expertise of ancient Romans.
- Entablatures incorporated intricate decorative elements and ornamentation.
The Beaux-Arts style continued this classical tradition in prominent New York landmarks like the New York Public Library’s main branch, with its ornate marble façade showcasing stunning entablature work.
Entablatures in Greek Revival Architecture
During the Greek Revival architectural movement in early 19th-century America, the entablature became a defining feature of this historic style. Buildings designed in the Greek Revival style often featured grand columns supporting an ornate entablature, emulating the classical orders of ancient Greece. The design of the entablature, including its decorative elements, was an essential aspect of the Greek Revival aesthetic.
The columnar proportions, ornamental detailing, and harmonious composition of the entablature conveyed a sense of integrity and moral philosophy. Prominent examples, such as the White House and the U.S. Capitol building, showcase the prominence of the entablature in Greek Revival design.
Emulating the classical orders through the use of an entablature was a way for these structures to convey the values and aspirations of a young nation. The style gained significant momentum under Benjamin Latrobe’s influence. He designed the first Greek Revival skyscraper and inspired numerous followers in American architecture.
Entablatures in Ancient Roman Architecture
Whereas the ancient Greeks pioneered the use of entablatures in their classical structural designs, the Romans built upon this tradition and incorporated entablatures into their own distinct style. The Romans employed a variety of materials in their entablatures, including:
- Concrete, which allowed for more intricate and ornate designs
- Marble, which was used for high-status buildings and structures
- Brick, which was commonly used in regional variations across the Roman Empire
These entablatures not only showcased the Romans’ innovative construction techniques but also heavily influenced the architecture of later eras, such as the Renaissance and Neoclassical periods. Additionally, the Romans used entablatures in their iconic monuments, like the Colosseum and the Pantheon.
The Lasting Impact of Entablatures
Despite the passage of millennia, the lasting impact of entablatures remains readily apparent across the designer’s canvas. The White House showcases the stately grandeur of classical aesthetics. The U.S. Capitol highlights the iconic three-part structure of architrave, frieze, and cornice.
The entablature’s role in Architecture has allowed designers to convey specific messages of power, wealth, and philosophical ideals through their choice of architectural style. This ensures the enduring influence of this architectural feature. The Greeks masterfully enhanced these architectural elements by using pristine white marble quarried from Paros and Pentelikon.
Conclusion
The entablature is more than just a structural component—it is a hallmark of classical architecture that showcases the artistry and engineering of ancient civilizations. By understanding its function and design, you gain insight into the timeless principles that continue to inspire architects today. The entablature remains a testament to the beauty and sophistication of classical architectural traditions.